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Congestion Control and Traffic Management in ATM Networks: Recent Advances and A Survey
Congestion control mechanisms for ATM networks as selected by the ATM Forum traffic management group are described. Reasons behind these selections are explained. In particular, selection criteria for selection between rate-based and credit-based approach and the key points of the debate between the two approaches are presented. The approach that was finally selected and several other schemes that were considered are described.
A QUBO-Based Optimization Framework for ATM Cash Replenishment Scheduling
The management of cash replenishment in Automated Teller Machine (ATM) networks requires scheduling recharges in order to minimize operational costs while maintaining high service levels and avoiding cash-outs, under uncertain and time-varying withdrawal demand. This work formulates the ATM cash replenishment problem through a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) model, which naturally captures nonlinear cost interactions, while incorporating operational constraints through penalty terms. The objective function combines fixed and variable replenishment costs with co-location discounts, as well as penalties for a late replenishment that could cause a service interruption. The resulting QUBO instances are solved using MegaQUBO, a GPU-accelerated QUBO solver. An empirical evaluation on a real dataset of 276 ATMs located in Italy, covering four representative months of 2022 (April, May, October, and November), benchmarks the proposed approach against a threshold-based operational policy. Results show consistent cost reductions of approximately 15%-18% while maintaining an excellent average service level (around 99.8%-99.9). Overall, the study demonstrates that QUBO-based …
Analysis-of-marginal-Tail-Means (ATM): a robust method for discrete black-box optimization
We present a new method, called Analysis-of-marginal-Tail-Means (ATM), for effective robust optimization of discrete black-box problems. ATM has important applications to many real-world engineering problems (e.g., manufacturing optimization, product design, molecular engineering), where the objective to optimize is black-box and expensive, and the design space is inherently discrete. One weakness of existing methods is that they are not robust: these methods perform well under certain assumptions, but yield poor results when such assumptions (which are difficult to verify in black-box problems) are violated. ATM addresses this via the use of marginal tail means for optimization, which combines both rank-based and model-based methods. The trade-off between rank- and model-based optimization is tuned by first identifying important main effects and interactions, then finding a good compromise which best exploits additive structure. By adaptively tuning this trade-off from data, ATM provides improved robust optimization over existing methods, particularly in problems with (i) a large number of factors, (ii) unordered factors, or (iii) experimental noise. We demonstrate the …
ATM Fraud Detection using Streaming Data Analytics
Gaining the trust and confidence of customers is the essence of the growth and success of financial institutions and organizations. Of late, the financial industry is significantly impacted by numerous instances of fraudulent activities. Further, owing to the generation of large voluminous datasets, it is highly essential that underlying framework is scalable and meet real time needs. To address this issue, in the study, we proposed ATM fraud detection in static and streaming contexts respectively. In the static context, we investigated a parallel and scalable machine learning algorithms for ATM fraud detection that is built on Spark and trained with a variety of machine learning (ML) models including Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Tree (GBT), and Multi-layer perceptron (MLP). We also employed several balancing techniques like Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and its variants, Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), to address the rarity in the dataset. In addition, we proposed a streaming based ATM fraud detection in the streaming context. Our sliding window based …
The ERICA Switch Algorithm for ABR Traffic Management in ATM Networks
We propose an explicit rate indication scheme for congestion avoidance in ATM networks. In this scheme, the network switches monitor their load on each link, determining a load factor, the available capacity, and the number of currently active virtual channels. This information is used to advise the sources about the rates at which they should transmit. The algorithm is designed to achieve efficiency, fairness, controlled queueing delays, and fast transient response. The algorithm is also robust to measurement errors caused due to variation in ABR demand and capacity. We present performance analysis of the scheme using both analytical arguments and simulation results. The scheme is being implemented by several ATM switch manufacturers.
Hand Me Your PIN! Inferring ATM PINs of Users Typing with a Covered Hand
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) represent the most used system for withdrawing cash. The European Central Bank reported more than 11 billion cash withdrawals and loading/unloading transactions on the European ATMs in 2019. Although ATMs have undergone various technological evolutions, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) are still the most common authentication method for these devices. Unfortunately, the PIN mechanism is vulnerable to shoulder-surfing attacks performed via hidden cameras installed near the ATM to catch the PIN pad. To overcome this problem, people get used to covering the typing hand with the other hand. While such users probably believe this behavior is safe enough to protect against mentioned attacks, there is no clear assessment of this countermeasure in the scientific literature. This paper proposes a novel attack to reconstruct PINs entered by victims covering the typing hand with the other hand. We consider the setting where the attacker can access an ATM PIN pad of the same brand/model as the target one. Afterward, the attacker uses that model to infer the digits pressed by the victim while entering the PIN. Our attack owes its success to a carefully …
Design Considerations for the Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VS/VD) Feature in the ABR Service of ATM Networks
The Available Bit Rate (ABR) service in ATM networks has been specified to allow fair and efficient support of data applications over ATM utilizing capacity left over after servicing higher priority classes. One of the architectural features in the ABR specification [tm4] is the Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VS/VD) option. This option allows a switch to divide an end-to-end ABR connection into separately controlled ABR segments by acting like a destination on one segment, and like a source on the other. The coupling in the VS/VD switch between the two ABR control segments is implementation specific. In this paper, we model a VS/VD ATM switch and study the issues in designing coupling between ABR segments. We identify a number of implementation options for the coupling. A good choice significantly improves the stability and transient performance of the system and reduces the buffer requirements at the switches.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Impact of ATM QoS Mechanisms on Network Performance for Multimedia and Data Applications
The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network is crucial due to its ability to efficiently transmit data, provide reliable connections, and support various service classes with specific Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we utilize the OPNET network simulation software to model an ATM network and analyze the impact of QoS classification on network performance. We investigate the effects of Constant Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR), Available Bit Rate (ABR) and Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) models on various network traffic types such as voice, video and data. For voice traffic, we examine key QoS parameters including Jitter, Packet Delay Variation and End-to-End Delay. For video traffic, we evaluate Packet Delay Variation and End-to-End Delay. Additionally, we analyze Download Response Time for data traffic to assess the influence of QoS on the ATM network. Our results demonstrate that CBR and VBR are preferred for real-time traffic like voice and video, providing low delay and jitter. The simulation approach enables us to test various configurations and gain insights not possible in hardware tests. Our findings can help network operators determine the …
Optimizing the Access to Healthcare Services in Dense Refugee Hosting Urban Areas: A Case for Istanbul
With over 3.5 million refugees, Turkey continues to host the world's largest refugee population. This introduced several challenges in many areas including access to healthcare system. Refugees have legal rights to free healthcare services in Turkey's public hospitals. With the aim of increasing healthcare access for refugees, we looked at where the lack of infrastructure is felt the most. Our study attempts to address these problems by assessing whether Migrant Health Centers' locations are optimal. The aim of this study is to improve refugees' access to healthcare services in Istanbul by improving the locations of health facilities available to them. We used call data records provided by Turk Telekom.
On Source Rules for ABR Service on ATM Networks with Satellite Links
During the design of ABR traffic management at the ATM Forum, we performed several analyses to ensure that the ABR service will operate efficiently over satellite links. In the cases where the performance was unacceptable, we suggested modifications to the traffic management specifications. This paper describes one such issue related to the count of missing resource management cells (Crm) parameter of the ABR source behavior. The analysis presented here led to the changes which are now part of the ATM traffic management (TM 4.0) specification. In particular, the size of the transient buffer exposure (TBE) parameter was set to 24 bits, and no size was enforced for the Crm parameter. This simple change improved the throughput over OC-3 satellite links from 45 Mbps to 140 Mbps.
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